What Is the Expected Value in Probability

Youre at a carnival and you see a game. For $2 you roll a standard six-sided die. If the number showing is a six you win $10, otherwise, you win nothing. If youre trying to make money, is it in your interest to play the game? To answer a question like this we need the concept of expected value. The expected value can really be thought of as the mean of a random variable. This means that if you ran a probability experiment over and over, keeping track of the results, the expected value is the average of all the values obtained. The expected value is what you should anticipate happening in the long run of many trials of a game of chance. How to Calculate the Expected Value The carnival game mentioned above is an example of a discrete random variable. The variable is not continuous and each outcome comes to us in a number that can be separated out from the others. To find the expected value of a game that has outcomes x1, x2, . . ., xn with probabilities p1, p2, . . . , pn, calculate: x1p1 x2p2 . . . xnpn. For the game above, you have a 5/6 probability of winning nothing. The value of this outcome is -2 since you spent $2 to play the game. A six has a 1/6 probability of showing up, and this value has ​an  outcome of 8. Why 8 and not 10? Again we need to account for the $2 we paid to play, and 10 - 2 8. Now plug these values and probabilities into the expected value formula and end up with: -2 (5/6) 8 (1/6) -1/3. This means that over the long run, you should expect to lose on average about 33 cents each time you play this game. Yes, you will win sometimes. But you will lose more often. The Carnival Game Revisited Now suppose that the carnival game has been modified slightly. For the same entry fee of $2, if the number showing is a six then you win $12, otherwise, you win nothing. The expected value of this game is -2 (5/6) 10 (1/6) 0. In the long run, you wont lose any money, but you wont win any. Dont expect to see a game with these numbers at your local carnival. If in the long run, you wont lose any money, then the carnival wont make any. Expected Value at the Casino Now turn to the casino. In the same way as before we can calculate the expected value of games of chance such as roulette. In the U.S. a roulette wheel has 38 numbered slots from 1 to 36, 0 and 00. Half of the 1-36 are red, half are black. Both 0 and 00 are green. A ball randomly lands in one of the slots, and bets are placed on where the ball will land. One of the simplest bets is to wager on red. Here if you bet $1 and the ball lands on a red number in the wheel, then you will win $2. If the ball lands on a black or green space in the wheel, then you win nothing. What is the expected value on a bet such as this? Since there are 18 red spaces there is an 18/38 probability of winning, with a net gain of $1. There is a 20/38 probability of losing your initial bet of $1. The expected value of this bet in roulette is 1 (18/38) (-1) (20/38) -2/38, which is about 5.3 cents. Here the house has a slight edge (as with all casino games). Expected Value and the Lottery As another example, consider a lottery. Although millions can be won for the price of a $1 ticket, the expected value of a lottery game shows how unfairly it is constructed. Suppose for $1 you choose six numbers from 1 to 48. The probability of choosing all six numbers correctly is 1/12,271,512. If you win $1 million for getting all six correct, what is the expected value of this lottery? The possible values are -$1 for losing and $999,999 for winning (again we have to account for the cost to play and subtract this from the winnings). This gives us an expected value of: (-1)(12,271,511/12,271,512) (999,999)(1/12,271,512) -.918 So if you were to play the lottery over and over, in the long run, you lose about 92 cents — almost all of your ticket price — each time you play. Continuous Random Variables All of the above examples look at a discrete random variable.  However, it is possible to define the expected value for a continuous random variable as well.  All that we must do in this case is to replace the summation in our formula with an integral. Over the Long Run It is important to remember that the expected value is the average after many trials of a random process. In the short term, the average of a random variable can vary significantly from the expected value.

Macroeconomic Objectives Of The Malaysian Economy

Four macroeconomic objectives In this section I will be discussing how well does Malaysia manage to achieve the four macroeconomic objectives which are; high and stable economic growth, low unemployment, low inflation and avoidance of large balance of trade deficit. One of the ways that Malaysia’s economy plan to reach the goals of high and stable economic growth is by implementing a fiscal consolidation â€Å"The Malaysian government has embarked on fiscal consolidation† (Ratings and Investment Information, Inc, 2014) through using fiscal policy the Malaysian government are able to help drive the growth of the economy, as well as a statement from the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib where he said â€Å"The increase in petrol price is a process to strengthen the economy in the short and medium term† (Bernama, 2013) by increasing the price of fuel it will enable to generate more money into the economy thus resulting in the surge of growth in the short and medium term, however this is not a long term plan. One the main feature of the Malaysian economy has been to have a low and stable rate of inflation in the past couple of decades. The current inflation rate in October 2014 was at â€Å"2.80%† (Trading Economics , 2014) this shows that inflation is currently at a steady pace. Figure 1.2 (Trading Economics, 2014) Figure 1.2 shows how the trend in inflation has been for the past 25 years showing the inflation rates have been increasing and decreasing as a steady rate and on average hasShow MoreRelatedImportance of the Macroeconomics Objectives Towards the Malaysia Economic Performance.1564 Words   |  7 Pages| 2.0 | Macroeconomic Objectives | 4 | 3.0 * 3.1 * 3.2 | Economic GrowthThe ImportanceExample | 556 | 4.0 * 4.1 * 4.2 | UnemploymentThe ImportanceExample | 778 | 5.0 * 5.1 * 5.2 | InflationThe ImportanceExample | 9910 | 6.0 | Conclusion | 11 | 7.0 | References | 12 | 8.0 | Appendix | 13 | 1.0 Introduction This assignment is to discuss the importance of the Macroeconomics Objectives towards the Malaysia economic performance. There are four main Macroeconomics Objectives, but inRead MoreBenefits Of Developing Countries Adopting Capital Controls During A Recession1529 Words   |  7 Pagesshifting its beliefs to where capital control policies can be deemed useful for countries during a potential crisis. Some countries, especially the developing ones that implemented capital control policies have experienced success in the recovery of the economy upon the face of unfavorable economic conditions. This paper will explore on the cost and benefits of developing countries adopting capital controls during a recession, a case study on Malaysia’s success through the imposition of capital restrictionRead MoreFactors that Influenced the Malaysian Stock Market Index2688 Words   |  11 PagesProblem Statement 1 2.1. Research Objectives: 2 2.2. Research Questions: 2 3. Scope and Limitations of Study 2 4. Contribution to Knowledge/ Significance of the Study 3 5. Review of Literature 3 6. Research Design 6 6.1. Type of Study 6 6.2. Data Description 6 6.3. Methodology Data Analysis 7 6.3.1. Theoretical Framework 7 7. Hypotheses 8 8. Methodology 9 List of References 10 â€Æ' 1. Background of the study 1.1. A study on the factors that influenced Malaysian stock market index is carry out inRead MoreFdi Inflow, Current Account Balance, Inflation and Interest Rate: How Do They Impact the Malaysian Economy?8688 Words   |  35 PagesScience (Banking) UUM-IBBM WBB 6013: SEMINAR IN BANKING FDI Inflow, Current Account Balance, Inflation And Interest Rate: How Do They Impact The Malaysian Economy? By Siva Kumar Kandiah (Matric No: 89306) ___________________________________________________________ Abstract This article seeks to find which of the macroeconomic variables among FDI inflow, current account balance, inflation and interest rate play a significant role in economic growth in Malaysia using the SPSS RegressionRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Malaysian Economic Development From 1993 to 20023213 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of Malaysian Economic Development From 1993 to 2002 Over the past three decades, Malaysia has achieved growth and structural transformation in its economy. This review examines the Malaysian economic performance and its policies for the last 10 years (1993 - 2002). My approach to the review will cover the following:  · What is the role of the government in the economy process?  · What were the forms of government intervention?  · What were the costs andRead MoreFactors Influence Malaysia Economics1944 Words   |  8 Pagesenterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Malaysia is set up following the holding of at least 10% of the total equity in a resident company by a non-resident investor. Consequent transactions in financial assets and liabilities between resident companies and non-resident direct investors linked by a foreign direct investment relationship (FDIR) can also be known as FDI. The transactions could be between Malaysian companies and with its immediateRead MoreThe Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Malaysia3880 Words   |  16 PagesINTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction In this chapter, the background, problem statement, objectives and justification of the study are discussed. The general and specific objectives are listed and the scopes of the study are described. 1.1 Background of the Study 1.1.1 Malaysia Economic Growth Malaysian economy was consistently reached a GDP growth of more than 7% followed by the low inflation rate in the 1980s and 1990s. The economy went on to an extensive diversification and continued economic growth averagingRead MoreAir Asia Economic Analysis -Mba6898 Words   |  28 Pagessuccessful example of a Malaysian no frills airline is Air Asia. Revolutionized and Reinvented by Tony Fernandez in 2001. It is based on the low-cost, no-frills model of the US carrier Southwest. The concept of Air Asia is based on the belief that demands for short-haul air transport is price flexible. That means, if prices for flights are being reduced, more people will fly. Traditionally, airline concepts are based on the assumption that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and that cuttingRead MoreFdi Boon or Bane5112 Words   |  21 Pagesthe total FDI has to be invested in backend infrastructure. This will improve the processing, distribution, packing amp; logistics in agro-sector. T hus a huge change in Retail-business is possible. This will have a positive impact on the Indian Economy growth. Increase of FDI in Retail also help full for providing employment. But there are also some drawbacks of FDI such as Flow of money to foreign destination and difficulty for unorganized players to withstand in cut-throat competition. IndianRead MoreOpportunities and Challenges for Fdi in Tourism Industry in Malaysia3183 Words   |  13 Pagesof diverse cultures, traditions and histories, coupled with various landscapes and natural resources, the country has a strong appeal for both domestic and international tourists. Tourism industry, therefore, is of great importance to Malaysia ¡Ã‚ ¯s economy as one of the major foreign exchange earners second to the manufacturing industry. 2.1 Arrivals and Receipts The tourism industry reported an increasing trend in the last 5 years.  ¡Ã‚ °Tourist arrivals are expected to grow at an average rate of 6.9 per

The Purpose of a Liberal Arts Education Free Essays

A liberal arts education can open many doors for you. However, it may not be for everyone. A four year liberal arts degree is meant to make you a well-rounded person, but many people don’t feel the need to take classes that don’t directly apply to their career. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of a Liberal Arts Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liberal arts exercises your mid; it makes it stronger. It helps develop an ordered mind and good thinking habits. You may never use the things you learn in a computer programming class, but it will make you a better learner. It also teaches you to think for yourself; your fellow students and teachers will challenge what you know, think and believe. Imagine the doors of creativity that will be opened for you. You may not have known how much you enjoy paining until you took a mandatory general education art class. It can enhance your faith. Maybe you have an interest in taking a theology class so you can be closer to god, at a liberal arts college you can have that opportunity. You can better understand the bible, who wrote it, and why they were inspired to do so. A liberal arts education will not only make you a better learner, it will also make you a better teacher. The more molded your mind becomes, the more easily you can explain things to people. Even if you don’t plan on becoming a professional teacher, this can help you help your children with their homework, help train new employees, or even teach a Sunday School class. It will cultivate your mind; opening doors to art, music, symbolism, or even language, things you may not have even had an interest in before. You will learn to appreciate these things more. A Christian liberal art education may be the right thing for you. It can send you in the right direction if you want to teach in a private Christian school, want to be a missionary, a pastor, or even if you just want to be education with fellow Christians. Some of your classes may cause you to question not only your faith, but why you have it in the first place, which will make you see why you fell in love with God in the first place. But does this mean a liberal arts education is right for everyone? I don’t believe it does. A single mother going back to school may not have time for the required number of classes, most of which, she will never use on the job. A 40 year old works at a factory that is being shut down and he needs to learn a new skill quickly so he can go back to supporting his family. For people like this, a liberal arts education may not be the right road for them to take. A liberal arts education can do many more things for you than what I have mentioned. It’s like a treasure trove; you have the key, all you have to do is open the door and that wealth of knowledge could be yours. How to cite The Purpose of a Liberal Arts Education, Papers

India-Bangladesh Relations free essay sample

The  non  trade  barriers,  as  pointed  out  by   Bangladesh  Commerce  Ministry,  and  cited   by  the  Daily  Star  include:  2   ? Laboratory   tests   in   Bangladesh,   especially   for   food   products,   cosmetics,   and   leather   and   textiles   products. ? Packaging  requirements   ? Inadequate   infrastructure   facilities   such   as   warehousing,   transshipment   yard,  parking  yard  and  Ã‚   ? Connecting   roads   at   land   customs   stations   also   hinder   exports   from   Bangladesh;   the   land   border   trade   is   subject  to  very  serious  administrative   constraints   in   Bangladesh. The   most   important   of   the   Customs   posts   with   comprehensive   Customs   clearance   powers  is  at  Benapole,  which  borders   Petrapole   on   the   Indian   side   and   which   is   on   main   roads   linking   Kolkata  with  Jessore  and  Dhaka. As   per   the   report   by   Bangladesh   Commerce   Ministry,   trade   barriers   include:3   Sajjadur Rahman, â€Å"Analysts urge India to erase trade barriers to Bangladesh†

State Of Mind Macbeth Essay Example For Students

State Of Mind Macbeth Essay In most stories the main character or protagonist develops and his or her state of mind changes by the end of the story. The state of mind tends to change at the various stages of the plot including the introduction, beginning excitement, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion. Freytags pyramid shows the usual structure for the development of the story and he explains how the protagonist changes and develops at those different stages. Macbeth, the main character, is confident and satisfied with his kingship in the beginning of the story, but by the climax he feels his reign was worthless and insignificant. We will write a custom essay on State Of Mind Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Shakespeares play, Macbeth, the state of mind of Macbeth parallels with the dramatic structure. The introduction of the play starts with the prophecies of the three weird sisters, who have a mysterious foreshadowing of the future for Macbeth. The beginning excitement or intrusion starts with the initial soliloquy that follows the prophecies of the witches. Right before this speech Macbeth has returned from a battle, very proud of his courageousness and superiority. King Duncan praises him for his bravery and the victory. Soon after he and Banquo are approached by three witches who prophesy him to be thane of Cawdor and then King of Scotland. Macbeth then starts to think about how he would assume this position, but he almost ends up going to war with himself. The thought of killing King Duncan to become king gives him an assurance of success, but he says, Why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs against the use of nature? Here he explains that inside he feels nervous and is scared of the horrible image this will give him. Macbeth knows that killing Duncan is going against his nature, but he begins to develop great ambition for these vivid pictures of success that he sees. The imagery he uses about his restless heart shows he usually has a calm nature over making decisions, but this one is much more difficult for him. The next stage in the dramatic structure is the rising action and this soliloquy is one that fits into it. The next speech at the end of act 1 is where Macbeth is dwells upon whether he should commit the deed or not. Before this soliloquy the Macbeth returns home to Lady Macbeth who is so confident about killing King Duncan and says that she will take it upon her hands. He watches her deceive the king and he sees how it is very wrong to kill this man in his own home. Macbeth begins to feel he doesnt know what to do, and has come to the conclusion that he doesnt have any real reason to kill Duncan. He finds that its only his ambition to move up in status that pushes him towards the murder. Macbeth also worries about the fate of his soul after committing this crime where he says But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, wed jump the life to come. He seems to worry about his afterlife very often in the play and its part of the controversy he faces in this act. Another reason for not murdering Duncan is that it would be wrong to do it in his own home, and that he would be mourned so greatly. Shakespeare uses imagery also to portray his state of mind by talking about the poisoned chalice that he will drink out of if he commits this deed, meaning that he will be killing himself. The next speech is the famous dagger soliloquy, which also is part of the rising action in the dramatic structure. .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .postImageUrl , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:hover , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:visited , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:active { border:0!important; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:active , .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773 .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3857dce5d9a25e220b6eb59514144773:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chinua Achebe's acclaimed novel EssayWhat lead to this soliloquy was the push by Lady Macbeth. She began to question Macbeths masculinity by saying that he would be a real man and have some courage if he would just commit the deed and stop acting like a baby. Then he begins to have these hallucinations of the dagger, which he would kill Duncan with and cannot tell if hes imagining this or if it is real. He then begins to visualize the goddess of witchcraft disturbing his sleep, but by the end of the hallucination he hears a bell ring symbolizing his invitation to commit the deed. At this point he is so sure that he can and will commit the murder. Imagery is very important in this soliloquy because it gives a sense of the fake dagger that Macbeth saw. He explains how he can see gouts of Duncans blood all over the blade, which shows his guilt for the murder in the future. The next soliloquy is where Macbeth is worried about Banquo and the reign of his sons, which also adds to the rising action of the play. Before this speech the three weird sisters tell Macbeth that Banquos sons will reign after him if he does not do something drastic about the situation. Macbeth has in his head that Banquo is taken aside by the witches and is told the real story that his sons were to prevail the throne. Macbeth then decides that his crown means nothing and he is being deceived from the truth. He develops hatred and says that he will not be the one to set up Banquos sons to be King. Instead Macbeth will murder them so that he can have complete control and no person in his way. In this soliloquy he gives the imagery of selling his soul to the devil for Banquos sons. Like before he brings up his destiny again saying that he committed the crimes, gave up his fate, and it was all for someone else. The soliloquy at the beginning of Act five is where Macbeth questions his reign and his old age that is beginning to come swiftly. This soliloquy is also part of the rising action is the closest to the climax. Leading up to this speech is the preparing for the battle against Dunsinane. Macbeth knows that soon his reign will come to an end and that many people are very unhappy with him. He starts to feel regret in this soliloquy and believes he is not the king that he should have been. Macbeth notices that at an old age he should have many friends, be honored by most people, and loved as a king, but he does not have any of these. He realizes that he does not receive honor from the hearts of his people, but only in their speech. The most important image in this soliloquy is that of the yellow leaf, which he uses to describe his old age. It portrays that he is beginning to fall like that of the yellow leaf on a tree in autumn. The climax and most well known soliloquy is the Tomorrow, and tomorrow and tomorrow speech which reflects upon his failure and insignificance. Before this soliloquy, the first sign of his death, which is that Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, comes true. His wife also commits suicide and his reaction was that She should have died hereafter. This part shows his change in the state of mind from the beginning to the end. In the beginning Macbeth had so much trouble committing murder and began to have nightmares about it. Now even the death of his wife doesnt even stir a thought of mourning in his mind, because he has been engulfed in violence so many times. One of the main points he makes in this soliloquy is that every person has their fame at one point for a brief time, but then they are never heard of again. .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .postImageUrl , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:hover , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:visited , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:active { border:0!important; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:active , .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40c59aa3cab728a791fd11a7fbfb1cce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Othello and Richard III EssayMacbeth feels his life has been a waste and that his kingship has accomplished nothing. Macbeth uses the imagery of an actor who walks back and forth on stage for his hour of fame and then is never heard of again, which describes his reign. The falling action is the death of Macbeth and the triumph made by Macduff getting his revenge. The play concludes by Malcom, Duncans son, becoming king of Scotland, ad the terrible reign of Macbeth is over. Macbeths state of mind from the beginning of the play to the end closely parallels the different stages of the dramatic structure. In the beginning Macbeth has such a hard time coping with the murder of Duncan and feels he can never wash away the guilt. But before he knows it he has no problem at all killing other people and becomes very used to it. In the end he finds that life is accompanied by one experience with fame and then it ends very quickly. Macbeth is very unhappy with his accomplishments and his lifestyle at his age where he is not honored as a real king should be. This alteration of the protagonists state of mind portrays that Macbeth parallels with the various stages of the plot.

Battle of Fort Sumter in the American Civil War

Battle of Fort Sumter in the American Civil War The Battle of Fort Sumter was fought April 12-14, 1861, and was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. In the wake of President Abraham Lincolns election in November 1860, the state of South Carolina began debating secession. On December 20, a vote was taken in which the state decided to leave the Union. Over the next several weeks, South Carolinas lead was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As each state left, local forces began seizing federal installations and property. Among those military installations to hold out were Forts Sumter and Pickens in Charleston, SC and Pensacola, FL. Concerned that aggressive action could lead the remaining slave states to secede, President James Buchanan elected not to resist the seizures.   Situation in Charleston In Charleston, the Union garrison was led by Major Robert Anderson. A capable officer, Anderson was a protà ©gà © of General Winfield Scott, the noted Mexican-American War commander. Placed in command of the Charleston defenses on November 15,1860, Anderson was a native of Kentucky who had formerly owned slaves. In addition to his even temperament and skills as an officer, the administration hoped his appointment would be viewed as a diplomatic gesture. Arriving as his new post, Anderson immediately faced heavy pressure from the local community as he attempted to improve the Charleston fortifications. Based at Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island, Anderson was dissatisfied with its landward defenses which had been compromised by sand dunes.   Nearly as tall as the forts walls, the dunes could have facilitated any potential attack on the post. Moving to have the dunes cleared away, Anderson quickly came under fire from the Charleston newspapers and was criticized by city leaders. Forces and Commanders Union Major Robert Anderson85 men Confederate Brigadier General P.G.T. BeauregardAbout 500 men A Near Siege As the final weeks of the fall progressed, tensions in Charleston continued to rise and the garrison of the harbor forts was increasingly isolated. Additionally, the South Carolina authorities placed picket boats in the harbor to observe the activities of the soldiers. With the secession of South Carolina on December 20, the situation facing Anderson grew more grave. On December 26, feeling that his men would not be safe if they remained at Fort Moultrie, Anderson ordered them to spike its guns and burn the carriages. This done, he embarked his men in boats and directed them to sail out to Fort Sumter. Located on a sand bar at the mouth of the harbor, Fort Sumter was believed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Designed to house 650 men and 135 guns, construction of Fort Sumter had begun 1827 and was still not complete. Andersons actions enraged Governor Francis W. Pickens who believed that Buchanan had promised that Fort Sumter would not be occupied. In actuality, Buchanan had made no such promise and had always carefully crafted his correspondence with Pickens to allow maximum flexibility of action in regard to the Charleston harbor forts. From Andersons standpoint, he was simply following orders from Secretary of War John B. Floyd which instructed him to shift his garrison to whichever fort you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance should fighting commence. Despite this, the leadership of South Carolina viewed Andersons actions to be a breach of faith and demanded that he turn over the fort. Refusing, Anderson and his garrison settled in for what essentially became a siege. Resupply Attempts Fail In an effort to resupply Fort Sumter, Buchanan ordered the ship Star of the West to proceed to Charleston. On January 9, 1861, the ship was fired upon by Confederate batteries, manned by cadets from the Citadel, as it attempted to enter the harbor. Turning to depart, it was hit by two shells from Fort Moultrie before escaping. As Andersons men held the fort through February and March, the new Confederate government in Montgomery, AL debated how to handle the situation. In March, newly elected Confederate President Jefferson Davis placed Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard in charge of the siege. Working to improve his forces, Beauregard conducted drills and training to teach the South Carolina militia how to operate the guns in the other harbor forts. On April 4, having learned that Anderson only had food to last until the fifteenth, Lincoln ordered a relief expedition assembled with an escort provided by the US Navy. In an attempt to ease tensions, Lincoln contacted South Carolina Governor Francis W. Pickens two days later and informed him of the effort. Lincoln stressed that as long as the relief expedition was allowed to proceed, only food would be delivered, however, if attacked, efforts would be made to reinforce the fort. In response, the Confederate government decided to open fire on the fort with the goal of forcing its surrender before the Union fleet could arrive. Alerting Beauregard, he dispatched a delegation to the fort on April 11 to again demand its surrender. Refused, further discussions after midnight failed to resolve the situation. Around 3:20 a.m. on April 12, Confederate authorities alerted Anderson that they would open fire in one hour. The Civil War Begins At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, a single mortar round fired by Lieutenant Henry S. Farley burst over Fort Sumter signaling the other harbor forts to open fire. Anderson did not reply until 7:00 when Captain Abner Doubleday fired the first shot for the Union. Low on food and ammunition, Anderson endeavored to protect his men and minimize their exposure to danger. As a result, he restricted them to only using the forts lower, casemated guns which were not situated to effectively damage the other harbor forts. Bombarded for thirty-four hours, Fort Sumters officers quarters caught on fire and its main flag pole was felled. While Union troops were rigging a new pole, the Confederates dispatched a delegation to inquire if the fort was surrendering. With his ammunition almost exhausted, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 PM on April 13. Prior to evacuating, Anderson was permitted to fire a 100-gun salute to the US flag. During this salute a pile of cartridges caught fire and exploded, killing Private Daniel Hough and mortally wounding Private Edward Galloway. The two men were the only fatalities to occur during the bombardment. Surrendering the fort at 2:30 p.m. on April 14, Andersons men were later transported to the relief squadron, then offshore, and placed aboard the steamer Baltic. Aftermath of the Battle Union losses in the battle numbered two killed and the loss of the fort while the Confederates reported four wounded. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening battle of the Civil War and launched the nation into four years of bloody fighting. Anderson returned north and toured as a national hero. During the war, several attempts were made to recapture the fort with no success. Union forces finally took possession of the fort after Major General William T. Shermans troops captured Charleston in February 1865. On April 14, 1865, Anderson returned to the fort to re-hoist the flag he had been forced to lower four years earlier.

Science 6..11-12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science 6..11-12 - Assignment Example Dead zones represent low-oxygen areas (hypoxic areas) in the world’s coastline and lakes. All organisms need oxygen to survive. The absence or low oxygen levels in these areas make it impossible for organisms to survive hence the term dead zone. The Gulf of Mexico gives a quintessential example of one such area. According to National Geographic, in 2010, the Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone was approximately 20,140 square kilometers. It has a seasonal hypoxic zone that forms every year in late summer. Its size varies from less than 5,000 square kilometers to approximately 22,000 square kilometers. The primary cause of dead zone formation is human activities. The upsurge in population has led to an increase in intensive agricultural and industrial activities. These activities lead to the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment i.e. soil, water and air. These are washed off into water basins such as oceans and lakes. These nutrients increase the fertility of the marine ecosystem; organisms like phytoplankton, algae and seaweed grow rapidly (algal bloom). This prevents the penetration of sunlight and absorption of oxygen by organisms living beneath the water surface leading to the reduction of the organisms immensely through death. Due to low-oxygen and available nutrients, the organisms (phytoplankton, algae and seaweed) eventually die and sink to the bottom of the sea where they are decomposed by bacteria. Oxygen can flow freely but is eventually used up by the process of decomposition leading to low-oxygen (hypoxia). Organisms that live beneath die or wither and others like the fish flee and a dead zone is formed. Several methods can be embraced to reduce the occurrence of dead zones. The use of synthetic fertilizers can be discontinued or reduced as they contain large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus. Farmers can also use natural sources like compost and manure and adopt farming methods like contour cropping and no-till to reduce

Animal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Rights - Essay Example It is important to consider in a critical fashion whether they have substantially offered a clear point to convince us of what they claim that we have moral or ethical responsibilities towards animals and that we need to shift to vegetarianism. Michael Pollan essentially believes that we have moral or ethical responsibilities towards animals. This evident in his point of view when he tries to argue that it is just fine to consume meat from animals for as long as humans must implement the entire process with consciousness, ceremony and respect that these concerned animals deserve (Pollan). In other words, Polan believes that animals have certain rights as well, knowing that his point reveals the fundamental treatment that animals may potentially deserve even if they are the kind solely intended for human consumption. Pollan is trying to imply that animals which might be primarily meant for meat on the table are still deserving of the appropriate treatment from humans. If there is what we call a humane treatment for humans, Pollan is trying to suggest a significant and similar action as counterpart on animals. This makes him a not so conservative advocate as far as the claim against animal consumption is concerned, but his points will give us enough understanding that humans have essential moral or ethical obligations towards animals. However, Pollan’s point is not so strong to lead us to a vegetarian lifestyle. On the contrary, Tom Regan is so strong with his sheer stand, that just like humans, animals have positive interests too. He remarkably creates a more philosophical argument in this claim, by defining what it means to be human, linking it to the point of defining human interest at its broadest term. One of his remarkable examples that is compelling and worthy of a response is the point that infants are humans too, but if being able to express through words might prove humans to have that positive interests they deserve, then infants who are not cap able of using words might turn out to be like animals too that based on the human standards, are not able to use words, logic and higher form of thinking (Regan). Therefore, it is not safe to argue that expression is such a fundamental basis of the human right and the thing that makes individuals superior to animals. Even though animals are not able to express, but Regan believes that they too also have corresponding rights just as what infants deserve. Regan therefore is trying to emphasize the point that animals have the basic right to survive, which is technically the essence of their positive interests. Unlike Pollan, Regan is more serious in his view to promote the idea that animals’ interests should prevail, implying therefore that vegetarianism is the right way to take for the humanity. â€Å"The question of the obligatoriness of vegetarianism, in other words, can arise only if and when the animals we eat are the kind of beings who have interests† (Regan). Final ly, just like Regan, Harriet Schleifer provides some remarkable arguments in order to convince the humanity that killing animals for our consumption is unethical. Schleifer has the same idea with Regan, acknowledging the thought that animals have the basic right they deserve, and that is the right to have their lives. In

The Castle Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Castle Doctrine - Essay Example This argument showcases, according to the report, â€Å"a loss of faith in law enforcement†(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). With the police being stretched thin due to an increase in crime, people don’t want to have to wait for law enforcement to come and save them especially if they are in a potentially life threatening situation. The New Castle Doctrine takes away the â€Å"vulnerability† that people feel in an increasingly violent world and makes them feel safer(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). Having this doctrine to back them up is important in order to prevent someone who was merely defending themselves from going to jail as people have the basic right to protect their own lives, their loved ones, or their property. There are a few different arguments which make up the reasons as to why the New Castle Doctrine is essentially a license to kill. The first reason is that people simply aren’t very well educated on what this particular doctrine covers in terms of the situations when a person can defend themselves with deadly force. Most people simply look at this law and believe that they will be protected no matter what as long as some sort of crime was committed. Ultimately, this leads into the second argument against the New Castle Doctrine as this type of legislation basically turns people into vigilantes who take justice into their own hands regardless of the situation. This is illustrated in the case of the gas station clerk who shot a man after he stole a case of beer(â€Å"The Castle Doctrine†). The New Castle Doctrine allows a person to exact their own vengeance even if the punishment does not fit the crime. Finally, those against the New Castle Doctrine believe that it will r eally hurt the legal and court system within the country as many of these vigilantes are being acquitted of any wrong doings due to their claims that they used deadly force because of the New Castle Doctrine. This might lead to a slew of criminals

Data Privacy in India

Data Privacy in India Data is a set of values, it can be facts, numbers, text or images. The word data originated from a Latin word â€Å"Datum† in mid 18th century, which means â€Å"something given†. Data that is accurately timely organized processed for a purpose and presented within a context that makes it meaningful relevant forms an information. Information is very valuable asset as it can impact the behavior, decision or outcome of things. In todays technology world, with the tremendous use of Internet rise in transfer of data, encompassing multiple technologies geographies, preserving the data assumes a greater importance. Moreover, Privacy concerns also exist wherever personally identifiable information is collected, stored transferred in digital form or otherwise. Article 21 of constitution of India speaks of right to life personal liberty. Thus, failure of disclosure controls can become the cause for privacy issues. Data privacy issues can arise as a result of information that are collected from different sources, such as: Medical healthrecords Court proceedings or criminal records Bank details transaction Biometrics Genetic informations Residenceand geographic records Race Ethnicity The main challenge in data privacy is to process, stored share data while protecting it. Protecting the data comes in light due the susceptibility of data increase rate of cyber crime. Cyber crime means any criminal activities done using the medium of computers, the Internet, cyber space and the worldwide web. To name a few cyber crime are : Hacking, Email spooling, Data theft, Identity theft, Spreading viruses worms, etc. Data theft is a potential crime resulting in data privacy breach which can happen due to the following Poor Networking / Internet connection Choices Improper Shredding/ Deleting/ Document Management Practices Identity Theft Resulting From Public Databases Tax Records Theft Inadequate Protection or Monitoring process Poor E-mailing Standards Failing to Choose a Secure Password Not Securing New Computers, Hard Drives dongles, etc Thus to address the above data privacy breach issues, the concepts of data protection were introduced in Information Technology Act 2000 (Amended 2008), through: â€Å"Section 43A, which deals with implementation ofreasonable security practicesforsensitive personal data or informationand provides for the compensation of the person affected bysuch data breach †. â€Å"Section 72A, states that in case of breach of data privacy , there would be imprisonment for a period extending to 3 years and/or a fine which can be upto Rs. 5,00,000 for a person who causeswrongful loss or gainby disclosing personal information of another person while providing services for the designated lawful purpose as per contract.† The Ministry of communication Information Technology, released rules- IT (reasonable security practices procedures sensitive personal data or Information) Rules,2011, which throws light on 1. Applicability 2. Collection of sensitive data 3. Processing of sensitive data 4. Access to sensitive data 5. Disclosure of sensitive data 6. Publication of sensitive data 7. Security measures Penalties 1. Applicability: The rule says that the Body corporate have to implement such security practices standards that commensurate with the information assets protection policy. Rules also set out that ISO 27001/IEC 27001 or any international standard in par with these standards could also be implemented by a body corporate. The Body corporate needs to get certified/audited by an independent auditor approved by Central Government annually 2. Collection of sensitive personal data: Data must be collected for a lawful purpose for a function of the body corporate for which such data is required necessary. Prior written consent of the data provider must be obtained for the data collection. 3. Processing and Retention of Data The timeframes for retention of Sensitive Data is not specifically defined in the Data Privacy rules. However , it says that the rules do not override any provisions of any other laws, wherein it is specified that the maximum period of retention of sensitive data is for say 5 years or so. Sensitive Data should be used only for the purpose for which it is collected not otherwise. â€Å"Section 67C of the IT Act requires the intermediaries to retains such information, and for such period of time, as mandated by the Central Government. 4. Access Restrictions Sensitive Personal Data/ Information (SPDI) can be reviewed/amended by the information provider. They can withdraw the consent at any point of time as well. The rules provide that they could be transfer of SPDI in case of necessity for performance of lawful contract. The detail procedure the timeline within which the data provider has the right to access the information make changes is not clearly defined in the Data privacy rules. 5. Disclosure of Information SPDI can not be disclosed unless prior consent of the data provider is obtained. However, in the following instances such disclosures can be made Under a provision of a contract between the body corporate and Provider; or Made to Government agencies as stipulated by law to obtain Sensitive Data for the purposes of verification of identity, or for the prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution and punishment of offences, including cyber incidents; or In pursuant to an order under the law. 6. Publication of sensitive data Neither the body corporate nor the Data Processor are permitted to publish Sensitive Data in any manner. A third party that receives Sensitive Data from any body corporate or Data Processor is prohibited from disclosing it further. A body corporate and a Data Processor are required to publish on their respective websites a privacy policy in regard to the processing of Sensitive Data 7. Security measures Penalties The Data Privacy Rules require that they must contain managerial, technical, operational and physical security control measures that are commensurate with the information assets being protected and with the nature of business. The International Standard IS/ISO/IEC 27001 is recognized as an approved security practices that the body corporate or the information provider should implement to comply with security measures under the Data Privacy Rules. If there is an information security breach, then the body corporate information provider needs to prove that they have implemented the security control measures as per information security program and policies. Body corporate has to appoint a Grievance Officer to resolve the grievances of the Data Provider. The communication details of the Grievance Officer must be available on the website of the body corporate. It is the duty of the grievance officer to resolve/address the grievances within 1 month. Conclusion Human resources, software , hardware, information security design can be utilized for addressing the data privacy issues. Ignorance of the implication of the Acts regulation is a major hindrance. The laws regulations relating to data protection are constantly changing thus its important to keep up-to-date of any changes implement such procedures practices to combat the Data privacy breaches. As the regulations acts prescribes that such data privacy breaches are liable for criminal prosecution penalties, it is the responsibility of SPDI Provider the organization using the data to ensure proper adequate controls are in place as a counter measure for such data privacy breaches.

Is it Safe to Pray? :: essays research papers

Is it Safe to Pray? No matter what religion a person practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you don’t question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child molestation is presenting itself as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic Church. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should immediately be defrocked and subjected to criminal prosecution. This is a problem that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts are masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their positions as leaders with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have confused forgiveness with leniency towards criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests over those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of listening to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the Catholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family. Is it Safe to Pray? :: essays research papers Is it Safe to Pray? No matter what religion a person practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you don’t question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child molestation is presenting itself as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic Church. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should immediately be defrocked and subjected to criminal prosecution. This is a problem that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts are masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their positions as leaders with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have confused forgiveness with leniency towards criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests over those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of listening to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the Catholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family.